Introduction

Lycium shawiiL is a perennial deciduous shrub with orange-red a nightshade plant with a long history in China and has been used in medicine and functional foods. Lycium shawii contains many nutrients, such as polysaccharides, phenolic acid, carotene, betaine, and flavonoids, which possess many advantages, such as antioxidant, anti-radiation, anti-cancer, anti-aging properties, promoting hematopoiesis, brightening eyes, etc. [1]. Likewise, it is included in traditional Chinese Medicines [2]. By reviewing studies related to the use of Lycium shawii in the treatment of diabetes, it was concluded that Lycium shawii has the potential to be an effective treatment for diabetes and is an excellent alternative to chemical drugs as it does not contain any harmful effects [3]. Many studies have confirmed that food additives rich in antioxidants play an important role [4, 5]. In the prevention and treatment of many diseases, as the fruits of the Lycium shawii plant contain sugars, vitamins C and E and carotenoids, flavonoids, and betain, which are effective antioxidants that work to curb free radicals It increases the activity of enzymatic antioxidants [6, 7], and thus reduces the oxygenation of cells that cause apoptosis [8], studies indicated that alcoholic extract the leaves of Lycium shawii plant enhance antioxidants because they contain many phenolic compounds such as Chlorogenic acid and rutin, found the stems of the plant contain many compounds that act as antioxidants, such as vitamin E and flavanols such as Quercetin-3-O-rutinoside [9]. Studies have confirmed that bramble contains many mineral elements, the most important of which are potassium, sodium, phosphorus, magnesium, calcium and iron [10], and also contains organic acids [11].

Materials and Methods

Ascorbic acid, Na₂EDTA, ammonium acetate, glacial acetate acid, acetyl acetone, trichloro acetic acid, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, sodium phosphate dibasic, DMSO, and DPPH, ethanol alcohol were purchased form Sigma-Aldrich. The plant was collected from the agricultural areas in Diwaniyah.

Preparation of Lycium shawii is shown in Figure 1 [12].

Evaluation of antioxidant activity of extracts (roots, leaves, and stems) of Lycium shawii plant is depicted in Figure 2 [14].

Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity

Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of the extract was carried out by Inbathamizh method [15, 16].

Procedure and principle

Various concentrations of Lycium shawii extracts were added to 1.0 ml of Na₂EDTA solution prepared by dissolving 0.13 g of ferrous ammonium sulfate and 0.26 g of Na₂EDTA in 100 ml of water and mixed with 1.0 ml of dimethyl sulfoxide 0.85%, and then the mixture was added to 0.1 M phosphate buffer (PH 7.4) to initiate the reaction by adding 0.5 ml of 0.22% ascorbic acid.   The reaction mixture was kept in a water bath at 90 ᵒC for 15 min and the reaction was quenched by adding 1.0 ml of 7.5% trichloroacetic acid. After that, 3 ml of Nash reagent (75 g of ammonium acetate, 3 ml of glacial acetic acid and 2 ml of acetyl acetone in 1.0 L of water) was added to all the test tubes and incubated for 15 min for color development. The mixture was obtained without ascorbic acid served as control. Absorbance was observed at 412 nm.

Results and Discussion

Lycium shawii root aqueous extract sample

Lycium shawii root aqueous extract sample show in Figure 3 and Table 1 show the compounds of the root aqueous extract.

Lycium shawii root ethanolic extract sample

Lycium shawii root ethanolic extract sample show in Figure 4 and Table 2 show the compounds of the root ethanolic extract.

Lycium shawii stem aqueous extract sample

Lycium shawii stem aqueous extract sample show in Figure 5 and Table 3 show the compounds of the stem aqueous extract.

Lycium shawii stem ethanolic extract sample

Lycium shawii stem ethanolic extract sample show in Figure 6 and Table 4 show the compounds of the stem ethanolic extract.

Lycium shawii leave aqueous extract sample

Lycium shawii leaves aqueous extract sample show in Figure 7 and Table 5 show the compounds of the leaves aqueous extract.

Lycium shawii leave ethanolic extract sample

Lycium shawii leaves ethanolic extract sample show in Figure 8 and Table 6 show the compounds of the leaves ethanolic extract.

Evaluation of the antioxidant activity of extracts (roots, leaves, and stems) of Lycium shawii

Results evaluation of the antioxidant activity of extracts (roots, leaves, stems) of Lycium shawii show in Table 7.

The results showed that the best antioxidant out of the six extracts used for the Lycium shawii was the aqueous extract of the leaves, where the most antioxidant appeared, and also as a result of appearance of the following active compounds in it using the GC-MAS technique are  Ethene, methoxy, 3-Butyn-1-ol, 4-Bromo-N-[(2-pyridyl)aminomethyl] phthalimide,  Heptanedioic acid, dimethyl ester, Heptane, 1-(ethenylthio), Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester, Pentadecanoic acid, methyl ester, 2-Pyrrolidinethione, 1,2,2,3,4-Butanepentacarbonitrile, 9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, methyl ester, 9-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester, (E), 11-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester, Methyl stearate, Heptadecanoic acid, 16-methyl-, methyl ester, 1,2Cyclobutanedicarboxylic acid, 3-methyl-, dimethyl ester, Pyrimidine, 4,6-dimethoxy-5-nitro, Heptanedioic acid, and dimethyl ester.

Results evaluation of the antioxidant activity of extracts (roots, leaves, stems) of Lycium shawii show in Figure 9.

Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity

The results showed that the best antioxidant out of the six extracts used for the Lycium shawii  was the aqueous extract of the leaves, where the most antioxidant appeared, and also as a result of appearance of the following active compounds in it using the GC-MAS technique are (3-Butyn-1-ol, Carbonic acid, dimethyl ester, Ethene, methoxy, Diazene, dimethyl, Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester, Heptane, 1-(ethenylthio), 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester, 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z ), 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-, methyl ester, Phytol , 6-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester, 9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, methyl ester, 11-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester. Results Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity show in Table 8 and results Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity show in Figure 10.

Conclusion

It was concluded from this study that the bramble plant is considered a strong antioxidant that inhibits free radicals because it contains many effective compounds that make it a powerful antioxidant, so this plant can be used in many medical applications.

Disclosure Statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Funding

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Authors' Contributions

All authors contributed to data analysis, drafting, and revising of the paper and agreed to be responsible for all the aspects of this work.

Orcid

Ali Noory Fajer

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5332-6643

HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE

Ebtihaj Jassim Jabur, Ali Noory Fajer, Detection of Active Chemical Compounds in Lycium Shawii Plant Using GC-MS Technique and Their Evaluation as Antioxidant. J. Med. Chem. Sci., 2023, 6(10) 2518-2530

DOI: https://doi.org/10.26655/JMCHEMSCI.2023.10.26

URL: https://www.jmchemsci.com/article_172354.html