Document Type : Review Article
Authors
- Timothy Omara 1, 2, 3
- Caroline Kiwanuka Nakiguli 1, 2, 4
- Rania Awad Naiyl 1, 2, 5
- Florence Atieno Opondo 1, 2
- Sadia Benard Otieno 1, 2
- Merab Lillian Ndiege 1, 2
- Immaculate Mbabazi 1, 2
- Winfred Nassazi 1, 2
- Papias Nteziyaremye 1, 2, 6
- Sarah Kagoya 7
- Augastine Okwir 7
- Edmond Etimu 7
1 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Sciences and Aerospace Studies, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya
2 Africa Centre of Excellence II in Phytochemicals, Textiles and Renewable Energy (ACE II PTRE), Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya
3 Department of Quality Control and Quality Assurance, AgroWays Uganda Limited, Jinja, Uganda
4 Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
5 Mohamed Obiad Mubarak Laboratories, University of Gezira, Gezira, Sudan
6 Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
7 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyambogo University, Kampala, Uganda
Abstract
Poisonous snake envenomation is a complex neglected health problem implicated in mortality, disability, psychological morbidity, and socio-economic losses recorded worldwide. An antivenin serum, the only medically recommended treatment for snakebites, has several drawbacks including, hypersensitivity, inability to prevent local tissue damage, are scarce and unaffordable in most snakebite endemic areas. In many rural communities all over the world, plants have been utilized for managing snakebites. This review seeks to identify plants reported as antivenom remedies in the East Africa and the scientific studies thereof which could support their use in the treatment of snake envenomation. A review of scientific articles was undertaken to identify information on traditional knowledge of medicinal plants used to treat snake envenomation in East Africa and their antivenom efficacy. A total of 361 plant species were retrieved to have been reported as traditional therapies for snakebites in East Africa. The review identified distinct cases of doctrine of signatures and zoopharmacognosy in snakes using Opilia amentacea, Hugonia castaneifolia and Microglossa pyrifolia respectively. Evaluations of the antivenom efficacy of 44 species (12.2%) have been done globally, and most species found to be effective in neutralizing the lethal activities of snake venoms. Ethnomedicinal plants play a revered holistic role in East African antisnake venom therapy. Conyza sumatrensis, Hyptis pectinata, Justicia betonica, and Maesa lanceolata used to treat specific snakebites merit further studies.
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Keywords
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